Why are there so many numbers?

Where are they?

In my math tutor practice I constantly answer questions. I usually get a lot of questions from my students. All kinds of math related questions. Some of them are very common, meaning, I get them all the time. For example, Calculus and Pre-Calculus students very often ask: “What is the domain?” “How do I find the domain of a function?” The vast majority of standardized test takers ask questions to the effect of “Why do I have to re-learn all this math stuff?” “When am I ever going to use it?” Sometimes I get questions that make me laugh, like: “How can you stand so much math? My head hurts!” and “Do you also have a real job? Or, is this all you do?”

Recently a student asked me a couple questions I found just fascinating. We were going over some algebra rules. I started giving her some numerical examples to illustrate one of the rules. All of a sudden my student asked: “Why are there so many numbers? Where are they?” These are great questions! They get to the root of the concept of number. Just think about these questions for a moment. “Where are they?” Where are the numbers? It is almost like asking: “Where do numbers come from?” or even “How can I believe numbers really exist? Can I see them?” It is clear numbers are not physical objects but we use them to count physical objects all the time. You believe in the existence of something concrete, like cars, because you can easily see them (often in big numbers), but what about numbers themselves? Do we ever get to see a number? What we usually call numbers, like street addresses, or numbers in license plates, or ID cards, or page numbers in a book, all those are not actually numbers but numerals, the symbols we use to represent numbers. Numbers are in our mind. They are concepts, ideas, thoughts, more than things. My answer to these questions was along the following lines:

Numbers are everywhere. We do not see the numbers but we put numbers on the things we see. Numbers show up as soon as you are able to tell differences and similarities. Think about counting the chairs in this coffee shop, for example. When you count the chairs you do not count the tables, or the bookcases, only the chairs. So you count them because they are equal, they are all chairs. However, you do not keep pointing your finger at the same chair while going 1, 2, 3,.. You count that chair and immediately you go on to the next chair for the next number. So you count them with different numbers because they are all different chairs. What makes counting possible is our ability to identify a set of objects that are all equal, in a sense, yet different, in another sense. So we can “see” numbers when we look at the stars, at the grains of sand in a beach, or the cars in a highway, and so on. As long as our mind sees the world in terms of “equal” and “different,” numbers will be there, everywhere.

Helping Students Find Their Own Motivation To Learn

What is in it for the student, from the student's own perspective?

It is important for students to understand teachers are helping them to figure out what they want to do in life, and are helping them achieve those goals. It is not enough for teachers to give students examples of what students do not want to do in life. Teachers want to inspire students to learn; to give them an appreciation for knowledge; to show them how to put value into knowledge, and how to extract value from it. For working adults is easier to see how, in this technological world of ours, meaningful numerical patterns come from everyday life. Numerical patterns coming at us directly from real life make us think about reality in terms of numbers. The more comfortable we are with numbers, and with handling them, the better we can express the ideas suggested to us by those numerical patterns. Sooner or later, in one form or another, we realize the math we currently know is somehow inadequate to analyze the data we want to understand. Even for students who have always been good at math, there may come a point where their homework problems baffle them. This may be because such students tend to enroll in AP classes at an early age. By the time they are high school seniors, they are already covering material some science majors only get to learn about in their college sophomore year. Therefore, it is important for students to create good study habits since early in life. Study is not only preparation for work but study in and of itself can be an awful lot of work. Given that study takes time, energy, and other resources, it is important for students to be able to associate it with experiences of achievement, and empowerment. Success means different things for different people; it even means different things for the same person at different points in their life. Often students question themselves: "Is this effort worthwhile?" Some sort of confirmation is needed about it. The discipline of doing homework with a good degree of concentration, regardless of whether or not we like a particular subject that much, pays off when, thanks to that consistent effort, we are able to see the things that interest us in a new light. For many, it may mean just getting past a particular requirement, thereby clearing their horizon from a bulky obstacle. Clearing out such requirements can give students an improved sense of self-esteem, and a renewed confidence in themselves. Another important factor may be taking our time to learn things thoroughly, to make the subject ours, to make sure we really understand it, because then we know what to do at any given point, instead of feeling like randomly throwing darts in the dark, and hoping to achieve some result by chance. There are many factors involved in learning. Each student builds their own learning strategy, according to what they determine is best for them. Teachers can only hope to influence in some measure such decision making process on the student's part. Students constantly make these decisions on their own, multiple times a day, choosing the way they study, selecting what gives them the best possible outcomes in their own world, according to everything they consider important - not necessarily what other people consider important for them. For some students it is more important to find ways of having fun while learning. Others predominantly focus on their long term goals (passing exams with a good enough score) without almost ever giving themselves the chance to consider their learning experience from any perspective other than their test results. In summary, it is important for students to find educators who can provide them not only with facts but also with motivation enough for grasping those facts, and applying them.

Solving systems of equations by substitution

A topic that is hard to explain because it is so simple

The substitution method oftentimes works as a powerful technique for solving systems of equations. This method is widely taught in middle and high schools, as part of the Algebra curriculum, along with the other standard methods for solving systems of linear equations in two variables: the elimination method, the graphing method, and the method of determinants (also known as Kramer's rule). Solving systems of equations by substitution is a very interesting process, especially when we consider that the fundamental basis of its concrete execution is not really any algebraic operation at all but a typographical one. Substitution means textual substitution. It is a typographical "find and replace" operation, whereby we combine two strings of characters into a new one, by means of "copy," "cut," and "paste" manipulations. It is a common experience for math teachers noticing many of their students get confused when learning the substitution method. I believe a big part of such confusion in the student's mind comes from the unexpected, unexplained, fundamental difference in nature between algebraic, arithmetic, numerical operations, on one hand, and such a typographical, textual, character-and-string oriented operation like substitution, on the other hand. Most teachers explain the substitution method by doing some examples on the board, and hoping that students will somehow "get it." Indeed, some students do get it. After watching the teacher doing a few examples, something clicks and, that is it, they now know it. They have gotten it. Moreover, usually they not only get it but they love it when they realize how it works. Unfortunately though, these students I refer to in the last few sentences, typically make up only between ten and twenty percent of the class. They are the intellectual high achievers of the class, many of whom will go on to careers in science, engineering, medicine, or money management. The other eighty to ninety percent of the class typically did not get it. They are confused, they do not know what is going on, they have no clue what the teacher did or is talking about. For them this is no happy experience. Actually, it can be really aggravating if the teacher is particularly enthusiastic about substitution but lacks the ability to infect the whole class with his or her enthusiasm. There are some particular examples of systems of equations that, when solved by substitution, seem to yield a spectacularly elegant and short solution. When students have not yet understood the substitution method, watching one of these spectacular solutions makes them feel like the teacher is practicing some mysterious magic trick in front of them. This only adds to their discomfort, and their distaste for math in general, since it is only natural to fear and/or reject what we do not understand. As a math tutor, I have the luxury of working with one student at a time, so I can focus my attention on delivering the particular information my student needs, in the way he or she wants to approach each problem. In the case of substitution, I make sure they understand how to do it, by doing the first example myself so slowly, so carefully, so explicitly, so spelled out, so mechanically, that I make my students feel for sure they can do it faster than me. When I explain solving by substitution I do not try to look smart. Instead, I become a machine, and I consciously take all the magic away from the process, so my student can clearly see how simple it is. The delivery here needs to be accurately tailored to each individual student. It is much harder to do this in front of a whole class, because teachers have to maintain their authority; and making the explanation so explicit that the last student in the class understands it, would probably lower the teachers' own status in the eyes of several other students. In part, substitution is difficult to teach and understand because it is so simple. Compounding the problem, we have to remember all the accumulated deficiencies students are still struggling with, and dragging behind since their first years in elementary school. When solving a system of equations by substitution, the actual substitution is only one step in the process. Even when it is done correctly, students still need to work their way through all the algebraic and arithmetic operations needed to solve the given problem. They very well may do the substitution correctly, only to mess up the problem two steps down the road because they do not know how to add/subtract negative numbers, or they do not know how to divide fractions, or they are still adding with their fingers.